The Iroquois Confederacy to Six Nations Free Essays

Northern Kentucky University The Iroquois Confederacy to Six Nations Thesis: Examine how the Seneca, Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, and Cayuga, and the 1722 addition of the Tuscarora, resulted in the Iroquois Confederacy or Six Nations and their influence on the creation of the Constitution. Nicole Cushingberry Cultural Anthropology Michael Striker December 16, 2011 Nicole Cushingberry Instructor: Michael Striker Anthropology 100 The Iroquois: Confederacy to Six Nations The Iroquois Confederacy, also known as Five Nations or Six Nations after the 1720 inclusion of the Tuscarora, was a collective of tribes that occupied the upper region of New York state around Lake Ontario, Pennsylvania, and Southern Ontario and Quebec. The term Iroquois is an English deviation from a French deviation of an offensive Algonkian (group of Native American Indian languages used from South Carolina to Labrador, Canada and west to the Great Plains) term for â€Å"real snakes†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Iroquois Confederacy to Six Nations or any similar topic only for you Order Now Originally, the members of the confederacy described themselves as Kanonsionni (compound word – kanonsa meaning â€Å"house† and â€Å"ionni† meaning extended) or â€Å"people of the longhouse† whereas today the term Haudenosaunee is used which translates to â€Å"people building an extended house†. The literal meaning of these terms describes the housing arrangement of the Iroquois – a dwelling typically 60 feet long (as large as 300 feet long) constructed of young, bendable trees, covered with bark. Historically and by native traditions, Dekanawidah, a Huron tribe member and shaman, is credited with creating the Great Law of the Iroquois Confederacy, also known as The Great Law of Peace, between the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The Great Law of the Iroquois was communicated orally, believed to be one of the earliest collections of governing principles equivalent to the constitution, and was utilized as a justice system to be applied to tribe members by their chiefs. Chief Hiawatha, an Onondaga living amongst a Mohawk tribe and an equivalent to a modern day politician, was persuaded by Dekanawidah to teach The Great Law of the Iroquois in hopes of eliminating the ongoing conflicts between the tribes resulting in the raiding of villages to obtain captives, retaliation, and murder. Dekanawidah also hoped that by uniting the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca, they would be able to defend themselves against European invasion. Tribal Society Several tribes of the Northeast region spoke the Iroquois language but not all of them were members of the confederacy (at left, map shows the tribes and regions in New York State; the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy is shown in red). The Five Nations, was formed when the Cayuga, Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, and Seneca agreed to abide by the principles of The Great Law of the Iroquois Confederacy; Six Nations was created when the Tuscaroa, a tribe from North Carolina, Requested admittance into the confederacy to gain protection from European colonization oreover, enslavement. The Six Nations of the confederacy is comprised of clan groups of matrilineal descent, with members being part of the mother’s family (all members of each clan were related to other clans via the mothers) automatically at birth and will remain as such for their lifetime. Family kinship was determined by bifurcate merging, with unilineal descent. The Iroquois were matrilocal; when a man was selected as b eing worthy to join their longhouse as a husband by the elder women, after marriage, the couple resided in the longhouse of woman’s birth. Though women were in the position of power commonly held by men, they did not dominate the society. The most senior woman lead her clan and was charged with the naming of children, working her advisors to elect a chief to represent the clan and remove him if he did not meet his obligations, food production and distribution, making clothing, participating in medicinal groups, and as a pastime, took part in gambling. Men were responsible for hunting, managing military tasks, fighting in wars, and acting as a representative, if selected, of his longhouse. The Iroquois mode of subsistence was agriculturally based society, which their staple crops being corn, squash, and beans. Their diet was enhanced by gathering fruit, roots, and nuts some of which was often dried for later use. During hunting season, the men trapped squirrels, rabbits, beaver and hunted bears and deer. They traded goods such as pipes, beaded clothing, furs, and food items. Religion consisted in devotion to â€Å"The Great Spirit†, creator of the world. All things in the Iroquois existence were taken care of by the spirits of the trees, plants, wind, rain, and other aspects of nature. They believed that a world of supernatural powers existed, with both good and evil entities and felt these spirits could alter the course of their lives. The religious specialists of the Iroquois were known as the â€Å"Keepers of the Faith† and were male or female and held the position part-time. The keepers were selected by the elders and were tasked with arranging and conducting religious ceremonies, such as funerals or fighting illness and disease. Constitutional Influence The main authors of the Constitution of the United States, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, were highly influence and inspired by the principles of the Six Nations. Iroquois chiefs were invited to the Continental Congress Hall where on June 11, 1776, the focus of discussion was on the topic of independence. The chiefs presented a speech that detailed an on-going friendship between the Iroquois and the new Americans, and this relationship would only continue if both groups acted â€Å"as one people, and have one heart†. There are many similarities between the constitution and the principles of the Iroquois. Researchers Vine Deloraia, Bruce Johnson, and Donald Grind have found that the very foundation of both sets of principles mirror each ther (Johansen 1998:79): life, liberty, and happiness (Declaration of Independence); government by reason and consent rather than coercion (Albany Plan and Articles of Confederation); religious tolerance (and ultimately religious acceptance) instead of a state church; checks and balances; federalism (U. S. Constitution); and relative equality of property, equal rights before the law, and the thorny proble m of creating a government that can rule equitably across a broad geographic expanse (Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution). Native America had a substantial role in shaping all of these ideas. Payne 1996:607, quoting Grinde and Johansen, Exemplars of Liberty, xx) Further, Johansen found that Franklin was using quotes from the Onondaga and advising Americans in their ill feeling towards England: Our wise ancestors established union and amity between the five nations. This has made us formidable. This has given us great weight and authority with our neighboring nations. We are a powerful Confederacy, and by your observing the same methods our wise ancestors have taken you will acquire much strength and power; therefore, whatever befalls you, do not fall out with one another. Johansen 1998:8) In closing, to think that the Constitution of the United States is based upon the life principles of a group of people once thought to be savages, is both a revelation and a disappoin tment. It is truly amazing that some many people with a common language can come together as one group for the benefits of all – socially, economically, and for the protection against a common enemy. The people of the Six Nations lived lives based on survival rather than greed by our current day definition. However, what I find disappointing and disheartening, is the fact that we as Americans came to this country to escape oppression from the crown. Yet upon arrival in this new land, we turn and do the similar oppressive acts to the Native Americans. We called them savages and treated them as if they occupied a status lower than animals, yet we base the very document that makes use Americans on their life principles. A statement by issued during a discussion at Albany Franklin summarizes my point of view: â€Å"It would be a strange thing†¦ f Six Nations of ignorant savages should be capable of forming such a union and be able to execute it in such a manner that it has subsisted ages and appears indissoluble, and yet that a like union should be impractical for ten or a dozen English colonies, to whom it is more necessary and must be more advantageous, and who cannot be supposed to want an equal understanding of their interest. † Works Cited Daly, Janet. â€Å"Iroquois const itution united states. † IPOAA Magazine. Social Science Journal, n. d. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. . Hale, Horatio. â€Å"Iroquois Book of Rites Index. Internet Sacred Text Archive Home. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Dec. 2011. . â€Å"Iroquois Confederacy (American Indian confederation) — Britannica Online Encyclopedia. † Encyclopedia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. . Kahionhes Fadden, John. â€Å"Chp 8: A New Chapter, Images of native America in the writings of Franklin, Jefferson, and Paine, â€Å"Exemplar Of Liberty†. † rat haus reality, ratical branch. N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. . Malinowski, Sharon, Anna J. Sheets, and Linda Schmittroth. UA†¢XA†¢L encyclopedia of Native American tribes. Detroit: UA†¢XA†¢L, 1999. Print. Myers, Merlin G.. Households and families of the Longhouse Iroquois at Six Nations Reserve. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, 2006. Print. â€Å"New York Indian Tribes and Languages. † Native American Language Net: Preserving and promoting indigenous American Indian languages. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Dec. 2011. . â€Å"Understanding Haudenosaunee Culture-1. † Syracuse Peace Council. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Dec. 2011. . How to cite The Iroquois Confederacy to Six Nations, Essay examples

A Definition of Cinematic Design free essay sample

An open frame is generally employed in films, while a closed frame is generally employed in films. Realistic; materialistic Which of the following statements about miss-en-SCen is NOT true? Miss;en-SCen has two visual components: lighting and movement. Composition is part of the process of planning the design of a movie. When visualizing and planning shots, filmmakers must make decisions about two elements f composition: what we see on screen and what moves on screen.What are these two elements commonly called? Framing and kinesics Which of the following statements about the production designer is NOT true? The production designer is hired relatively late in the production process. An Important movement In art direction that sought to articulate human feeling and emotion through design elements such as structure, color, and texture with grossly exaggerated film sets is known as expressionism. Which of the following stills represents expressionism: The Cabinet of Dry. We will write a custom essay sample on A Definition of Cinematic Design or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Calamari Some of the departments the production designer supervises include carpentry, properties, and transportation. True What Is figure movement? The movement of something concrete wealth the frame Consider carefully the details of the miss-en-SCen in the following clips. Based on the miss-en-SCen, which do you think belongs to a dissipation futuristic narrative inhabited by mostly one-dimensional characters? Bartholomew Song unlike a static painting or picture. Motion picture move and thus shift Its point of view. Point of view is implied by the framing of a shot. What are three elements that describe unrealism? Nonprofessional actors; location sets; handheld camera The planning of the positions and movements of the actors and camera Is called blocking. The two fundamental styles of design established in early motion pictures are the associated with the Lumpier brothers and the Georges Mals. Elastic; fantastic associated with then suddenly a puff of smoke enters the left side of the frame. This is an example of filmmakers using both on-screen and officered space. Which of the following clips also uses on-screen and officered space? Giggled What are the major elements of cinematic design? Setting; decor; properties; lighting; costume; makeup; hairstyle The organization, distribution, balance, movement, and general relationship of actors and objects within the space of a shot is called composition.

Heroes after the Middle Ages

Siege of Veracruz in the Mexican-American War

Siege of Veracruz in the Mexican-American War The Siege of Veracruz began on March 9 and ended on March 29, 1847, and was fought during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). With the beginning of the conflict in May 1846, American forces under Major General Zachary Taylor won quick victories at the Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma before advancing to the fortress city of Monterrey. Attacking in September 1846, Taylor captured the city after a bloody battle. In the wake of the fighting, he angered President James K. Polk when he granted the Mexicans an eight-week armistice and allowed Monterreys defeated garrison to go free.   With Taylor at Monterrey, discussions began in Washington regarding future American strategy. It was decided that a strike directly at the Mexican capital at Mexico City would be the key to winning the war. As a 500-mile march from Monterrey over rugged terrain was deemed impractical, the decision was made to land on the coast near Veracruz and march inland. This decision made, Polk was forced to decide on a commander for the mission. A New Commander While Taylor was popular, he was an outspoken Whig who had frequently criticized Polk publicly. Polk, a Democrat, would have preferred one of his own, but lacking an appropriate candidate, selected Major General Winfield Scott who, though a Whig, posed less of a political threat.  To create Scotts invasion force, the bulk of Taylors veteran troops were ordered to the coast. Left south of Monterrey with a small army, Taylor successfully held off a much larger Mexican force at the Battle of Buena Vista in February 1847. The sitting General-in-Chief of the US Army, Scott was a more talented general than Taylor and had come to prominence during the War of 1812. In that conflict, he had proven one of the few able field commanders and earned praise for his performances at Chippawa and Lundys Lane. Scott continued to rise after the war, holding increasingly important posts and studying abroad, before being appointed general-in-chief in 1841. Organizing the Army On November 14, 1846, the US Navy captured the Mexican port of Tampico. Arriving at Lobos Island, fifty miles south of the city, on February 21, 1847, Scott found few of the 20,000 men he had been promised. Over the next several days, more men arrived and Scott came to command three divisions led by Brigadier Generals William Worth and David Twiggs, and Major General Robert Patterson. While the first two divisions were comprised of US Army regulars, Pattersons was made up of volunteer units drawn from Pennsylvania, New York, Illinois, Tennessee, and South Carolina. The armys infantry was supported by three regiments of dragoons under Colonel William Harney and multiple artillery units. By March 2, Scott had around 10,000 men and his transports began moving south protected by Commodore David Connors Home Squadron. Three days later, the lead ships arrived south of Veracruz and anchors off Anton Lizardo. Boarding the steamer Secretary on March 7, Connor and Scott reconnoitered the citys massive defenses. Armies Commanders: United States Major General Winfield Scott10,000 men Mexico Brigadier General Juan Morales3,360 men Americas First D-Day Considered the most heavily fortified city in the Western Hemisphere, Veracruz was walled and guarded by Forts Santiago and Concepcià ³n. In addition, the harbor was protected by the famed Fort San Juan de Ulà ºa which possessed 128 guns. Wishing to avoid the citys guns, Scott decided to land southeast of the city at Mocambo Bays Collado Beach. Moving into position, American forces prepared to go ashore on March 9. Covered by the guns of Connors ships, Worths men began moving towards the beach around 1:00 PM in specially designed surf boats. The only Mexican troops present were a small body of lancers which were driven off by naval gunfire. Racing ahead, Worth was the first American ashore and was quickly followed another 5,500 men. Facing no opposition, Scott landed the remainder of his army and began moving to invest the city. Investing Veracruz Sent north from the beachhead, Brigadier General Gideon Pillows brigade of Pattersons division defeated a force of Mexican cavalry at Malibrn. This severed the road to Alvarado and cut off the citys supply of fresh water. Pattersons other brigades, led by Brigadier Generals John Quitman and James Shields aided in holding off the enemy as Scotts men moved to surround Veracruz. The investment of the city was completed within three days and saw the Americans establish a line running from Playa Vergara south to Collado. Reducing the City Within the city, Brigadier General Juan Morales possessed 3,360 men as well as another 1,030 offshore at San Juan de Ulà ºa. Outnumbered, he hoped to hold the city until aid could arrive from the interior or the approaching yellow fever season began to reduce Scotts army. Though several of Scotts senior commanders wished to attempt a storming of the city, the methodical general insisted on reducing the city through siege tactics to avoid needless casualties. He insisted that the operation should cost the lives of no more than 100 men. Though a storm delayed the arrival of his siege guns, Scotts engineers including Captains Robert E. Lee and Joseph Johnston, as well as Lieutenant George McClellan began working to site gun emplacements and enhance the siege lines. On March 21, Commodore Matthew Perry arrived to relieve Connor. Perry offered six naval guns and their crews which Scott accepted. These were quickly emplaced by Lee. The next day, Scott demanded that Morales surrender the city. When this was refused, the American guns began bombarding the city. Though the defenders returned fire, they caused few injuries. No Relief The bombardment from Scotts lines was supported by Perrys ships offshore. On March 24, a Mexican soldier was captured carrying dispatches stating that General Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna was approaching the city with a relief force. Harneys dragoons were dispatched to investigate and located a force of around 2,000 Mexicans. To meet this threat, Scott dispatched Patterson with a force which drove off the enemy. The next day, the Mexicans in Veracruz requested a ceasefire and asked that women and children be allowed to leave the city. This was refused by Scott who believed it to be a delaying tactic. Resuming the bombardment, the artillery fire caused several fires in the city. On the night of March 25/26, Morales called a council of war. During the meeting, his officers recommended that he surrender the city. Morales was unwilling to do so and resigned leaving General Josà © Juan Landero to assume command. On March 26, the Mexicans again requested a ceasefire and Scott sent Worth to investigate. Returning with a note, Worth stated that he believed the Mexicans were stalling and offered to lead his division against the city. Scott declined and based on the language in the note, began surrender negotiations. After three days of talks, Morales agreed to surrender the city and San Juan de Ulà ºa. Aftermath Achieving his goal, Scott only lost 13 killed and 54 wounded in capturing the city. Mexican losses are less clear and were approximately 350-400 soldiers killed, as well as 100-600 civilians. Though initially chastised in the foreign press for the inhumanity of the bombardment, Scotts achievement in capturing a heavily fortified city with minimal losses was staggering. Establishing a large base at Veracruz, Scott quickly moved to get the bulk of his army away from the coast before yellow fever season. Leaving a small garrison to hold the city, the army departed on April 8 for Jalapa and began the campaign that would ultimately capture Mexico City.

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS case assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS case - Assignment Example Convenient locations are likely to be visited by clients, which means an increase in earned revenue. The first alternative for Colin is the inclusion of cut polishing service. The competing companies have the cut polishing services, which is an additional service to make it convenient for affluent consumers. The alternative would cost a 25% percent increase in pricing, $1,500 insurance coverage and $250 for a rotary buffer (Finnbogason 7). It might lead to the loss of consumers who value pricing and increase in affluent car owners who value the look of the car. The cost of the risk might emanate from destroying the finish of a car and training all workers to perform the same task with precision. Mobile detailing services would mean a 30% increase in pricing and increase convenience. Additional costs are $10,000 for the truck and other equipment. It would also mean additional logistical challenges. Golf Course partnership option would cost $150 for the sign only. It would also mean 10% increase in price. An increase in convenience would attract more consumers and the people who visit the golf course might not mind the increase in pricing. They are likely affluent car owners. Logistical challenges and system set up are manageable

Organisations and Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Organisations and Behaviour - Essay Example First, there will be a need to have a meeting with all employees and inform them that they will be taking instructions from their departmental managers. Given that this is a deviation from the norm, employees may take time to adjust to the rules. As such, she should inform the departmental managers to arrange for a meeting with their departmental employees and chat a way forward together. When people have gotten used to following given rules and procedure, waking up one day and changing such rules and procedures could cause negative ripple effects. For the plans to work, sitting down together and identifying that there is a problem would be the first step to get employees to be more open minded to the formulation of new procedures. Involving employees in the formulation of the new policies serves to make sure that their opinions about the new rule and procedure are taken into account. This way, employees will feel that the new procedures have not been imposed on them but a product of their collective decision making and consensus. The managers should also give their departmental employees opportunity to express their opinions about regulations that they perceive as controversial. After that they should take time to explain to them why there is a need to have such regulations. Even so, decentralization for the rules should also leave room for employees to seek the indulgence of a higher office if they feel that they issues are not being addressed either fairly or elaborately at the departmental level. This way, making a transition from the old culture and restructuring the organization will be easy. It is vital to note that attempting to make the above changes without involving the employees may impact negatively on the organization (Kaiser, 2008, p. 104). Department managers will come up with various rules and procedures. As it emerged during the time that Jill Thompson took an evaluative walk around the company, there were several issues that need to be solved . First, the fact that repairing time has been left flexible to run between 8:00am and 10:00, production supervisors’ work has been made seemingly hard. It is hard for them to work with employees who may get to work at 10:00 and choose to leave for lunch at 11:00. This is because there is no ample time for doing anything productively significant. Probably the consequences of the old regulations were that production supervisors ended up doing so much work. This is because they have to be at work by 8:00pm for those employees who report at that time and stay as late as 7:00pm to be with those who reported to work at 10:00am. It is also possible that on some days they have had to take up the work they are mean to be supervising when employees who report at 10:00am chose to go for lunch at 11:00. As such, department managers may chat a way forward and come up with rules that ensure there is uniformity in time management. This way, flow of traffic in and out of the company will be tamed, giving production supervisors ample time to finish processes initiated and improving production and performance. Evaluation procedures are also likely to change depending on specialty. For instance, the research and development people may have a revised schedule for their evaluation as opposed to the unpopular monthly evaluation. Evaluation for other departments will depend on the nature of their specialization. When such rules have been adjusted, the departments that will be more formalized will be research and development department and production department. This is because the most notable problems emanated from the two departments. Such restructuring will help improve performance and morale of the workers. Reasonable evaluation period with also motivate employees

Blog Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Blog - Article Example The company understood that the S5, which is packed with health and fitness features like pedometer, built-in heart rate monitor, and fitness tracker would trigger even more interest in its Gear Fit. That is why the Gear Fit was hyped and aggressively marketed prior to its launch that came soon after the launch of the S5. The essence was to portray the Gear Fit as a companion to the S5 that was not a luxury but a valued-adding gadget. So, essentially, Samsung used the popularity and reach of its smartphones to sell the Gear Fit. Secondly, Samsung adopted a health and fitness theme with the launch of the S5 and the Gear Fit that would surely resonate with most people who are conscious of health and fitness. By doing this, the company made sure that by the time the gadget came the target market had already got wind of its availability and developed interest in it. This shows a good application of market/consumer segmentation techniques, because unless you want to stay healthy and fit there is really no need to buy the gadget. Samsung knew who it wanted to rope in, and it went for the jugular. Personally, I know about the Gear Fit before its launch and even though I am not a fan of Samsung gadgets I developed interest in it (to the point of contemplating buying one) simply because I am very conscious about my health and